We now turn to the process of drawing on the screen. The widget we use for this is the DrawingArea (see Chapter 12, Drawing Area) widget. A drawing area widget is essentially an X window and nothing more. It is a blank canvas in which we can draw whatever we like. A drawing area is created using the call:

  darea = gtk.DrawingArea()

A default size for the widget can be specified by calling:

  darea.set_size_request(width, height)

This default size can be overridden, as is true for all widgets, by calling the set_size_request() method, and that, in turn, can be overridden if the user manually resizes the the window containing the drawing area.

It should be noted that when we create a DrawingArea widget, we are completely responsible for drawing the contents. If our window is obscured then uncovered, we get an exposure event and must redraw what was previously hidden.

Having to remember everything that was drawn on the screen so we can properly redraw it can, to say the least, be a nuisance. In addition, it can be visually distracting if portions of the window are cleared, then redrawn step by step. The solution to this problem is to use an offscreen backing pixmap. Instead of drawing directly to the screen, we draw to an image stored in server memory but not displayed, then when the image changes or new portions of the image are displayed, we copy the relevant portions onto the screen.

To create an offscreen pixmap, we call the function:

  pixmap = gtk.gdk.Pixmap(window, width, height, depth=-1)

The window parameter specifies a gtk.gdk.Window that this pixmap takes some of its properties from. width and height specify the size of the pixmap. depth specifies the color depth, that is the number of bits per pixel, for the new window. If the depth is specified as -1 or omitted, it will match the depth of window.

We create the pixmap in our "configure_event" handler. This event is generated whenever the window changes size, including when it is originally created.

   32   # Create a new backing pixmap of the appropriate size
   33   def configure_event(widget, event):
   34       global pixmap
   35
   36       x, y, width, height = widget.get_allocation()
   37       pixmap = gtk.gdk.Pixmap(widget.window, width, height)
   38       pixmap.draw_rectangle(widget.get_style().white_gc,
   39                             True, 0, 0, width, height)
   40
   41       return True
 

The call to draw_rectangle() clears the pixmap initially to white. We'll say more about that in a moment.

Our exposure event handler then simply copies the relevant portion of the pixmap onto the drawing area (widget) using the draw_pixmap() method. (We determine the area we need to redraw by using the event.area attribute of the exposure event):

   43   # Redraw the screen from the backing pixmap
   44   def expose_event(widget, event):
   45       x , y, width, height = event.area
   46       widget.window.draw_drawable(widget.get_style().fg_gc[gtk.STATE_NORMAL],
   47                                   pixmap, x, y, x, y, width, height)
   48       return False

We've now seen how to keep the screen up to date with our pixmap, but how do we actually draw interesting stuff on our pixmap? There are a large number of calls in PyGTK for drawing on drawables. A drawable is simply something that can be drawn upon. It can be a window, a pixmap, or a bitmap (a black and white image). We've already seen two such calls above, draw_rectangle() and draw_pixmap(). The complete list is:

  drawable.draw_point(gc, x, y)

  drawable.draw_line(gc, x1, y1, x2, y2)

  drawable.draw_rectangle(gc, fill, x, y, width, height)

  drawable.draw_arc(gc, fill, x, y, width, height, angle1, angle2)

  drawable.draw_polygon(gc, fill, points)

  drawable.draw_drawable(gc, src, xsrc, ysrc, xdest, ydest, width, height)

  drawable.draw_points(gc, points)

  drawable.draw_lines(gc, points)

  drawable.draw_segments(gc, segments)

  drawable.draw_rgb_image(gc, x, y, width, height, dither, buffer, rowstride)

  drawable.draw_rgb_32_image(gc, x, y, width, height, dither, buffer, rowstride)

  drawable.draw_gray_image(gc, x, y, width, height, dither, buffer, rowstride)

The drawing area methods are the same as the drawable drawing methods so you can use the methods described in Section 12.2, “Drawing Methods” for further details on these methods. These methods all share the same first arguments. The first argument is a graphics context (gc).

A graphics context encapsulates information about things such as foreground and background color and line width. PyGTK has a full set of functions for creating and modifying graphics contexts, but to keep things simple we'll just use predefined graphics contexts. See Section 12.1, “Graphics Context” section for more information on graphics contexts. Each widget has an associated style. (Which can be modified in a gtkrc file, see Chapter 23, GTK's rc Files.) This, among other things, stores a number of graphics contexts. Some examples of accessing these graphics contexts are:

  widget.get_style().white_gc

  widget.get_style().black_gc

  widget.get_style().fg_gc[STATE_NORMAL]

  widget.get_style().bg_gc[STATE_PRELIGHT]

The fields fg_gc, bg_gc, dark_gc, and light_gc are indexed by a parameter which can take on the values:

  STATE_NORMAL,
  STATE_ACTIVE,
  STATE_PRELIGHT,
  STATE_SELECTED,
  STATE_INSENSITIVE

For instance, for STATE_SELECTED the default foreground color is white and the default background color, dark blue.

Our function draw_brush(), which does the actual drawing on the pixmap, is then:

   50   # Draw a rectangle on the screen
   51   def draw_brush(widget, x, y):
   52       rect = (int(x-5), int(y-5), 10, 10)
   53       pixmap.draw_rectangle(widget.get_style().black_gc, True,
   54                             rect[0], rect[1], rect[2], rect[3])
   55       widget.queue_draw_area(rect[0], rect[1], rect[2], rect[3])

After we draw the rectangle representing the brush onto the pixmap, we call the function:

  widget.queue_draw_area(x, y, width, height)

which notifies X that the area given needs to be updated. X will eventually generate an expose event (possibly combining the areas passed in several calls to draw()) which will cause our expose event handler to copy the relevant portions to the screen.

We have now covered the entire drawing program except for a few mundane details like creating the main window.